P
pair, ordered, 294
parabola, 203
--- arclength, 204
--- area, 204
--- axis, 203
--- binomial, 69
--- cubic, 63
--- diameter, 204
--- directrix, 203
--- equation, 203
--- focus, 203
--- intersection figure, 221
--- n-th degree, 64
parameter, 203
--- quadratic polynomial, 62
--- radius of curvature, 204
--- semicubic, 93
--- semifocal chord, 203
--- tangent, 204
--- transformation, 205
--- vertex, 203
paraboloid, 221
--- elliptic, 221
--- hyperbolic, 222
--- central surface, 224
--- invariant signs
--- elliptic, 224
--- hyperbolic, 224
parabolic, 224
--- of revolution, 222
parallel circle, 244
parallelepiped, 152
--- rectangular, 152
parallelism
--- lines, 128
parallelism conditions
--- line-plane, 219
--- lines in space, 219
planes, 216
parallelogram, 134
parallelogram identity, unitary space, 615
parameter, 11 , 49
parabola, 203
--- statistical, 773
parameter space, stochastic, 765
parametric integral, 459
parametric representation, circle, 197
parametrized center of area method, 374
parity, 544
Parseval
--- equation, 422 , 516 , 579 , 618
--- formula, 729
partial fraction decomposition, 15
--- special cases, 1029
partial ordering, 297
partial sum, 406
partition, 297
Pascal limacon, 96
Pascal triangle, 13
path, 351
--- closed, 351
--- integration, 463
PCNF (principal conjunctive normal form), 345
PDNF (principal disjunctive normal form), 345
pencil of lines, 196
pendulum
--- equation, 841
--- Foucault, 949
--- mathematical, 702
period, 703
pentagon, regular, 138
pentagram, 4
pentagram, regular, 138
percentage, 21
--- calculation, 21
performance score, 372
perimeter
--- circle, 138
--- ellipse, 200
polygon, 137
period, 50
--- secant, 76
--- sine, 75 , 82
--- tangent, 76
period doubling, 836
--- cascade, 837 , 842
period parallelogram, 704
permutability, linear operators, 319
permutation, 745
--- cyclic, vectors, 207
--- group, 301
--- matrix, 892
--- with repetition, 745
--- without repetition, 745
perturbation, 535 , 941
Pesin formula, 821 , 828
phase
--- initial, 82
portrait, dynamical systems. 800
--- shift, 75 , 82
--- sine, 75 , 82
--- space, dynamical systems, 797
--- spectrum, 727
physical units, 1012
Picard
--- iteration method
--- integral equation, 567
--- successive approximation method, 496
Picard-Lindelof theorem, 610
pivot, 891
--- column, 271 , 852
--- element. 271. 852
--- row, 271 , 852
--- scheme, 271
pivoting, 271 , 274
--- column pivoting, 892
--- step, 271
plane
--- equation
--- general, 214
--- in space, 214
--- geometry, 128
--- intersecting, 158
--- rectifying, 239 , 241
--- space, 150 , 214
--- vector equation, 188
planes
--- orthogonality, conditions, 216
parallel, 150
--- distance, 217
parallelism, conditions, 216
planimeter, 447
Poincare mapping, 808 , 810
Poincare section, 841
point
--- accumulation, 606
--- asymptotic, curve, 232
--- boundary, 606
--- circular, 249
--- coordinates, 189
--- corner, 232
--- cuspidal, curve, 232
--- discontinuity, 57
--- double, curve, 232
--- fixed, conformal mapping, 676
--- fixed, stable, 836
--- focal, ordinary differential equation, 495
--- improper, 192
--- infinite, 192
--- interior, 605
--- isolated, 606
--- isolated, curve, 232
--- limit, 237
--- limiting, 606
--- multiple, curve, 233
--- /(.-dimensional space, 117
--- nearest approach, 237
--- neighborhood, 605
--- non-wandering, 815
--- notion, 128
plane curve, 231
--- rational, 1
--- regular, surface, 244
--- saddle, ordinary differential equation, 495
--- singular, 225 , 232
--- isolated, 494
--- ordinary differential equation, 494
--- surface, 244 , 245
--- spectrum, 622
--- spiral, ordinary differential equation, 495
--- surface point
--- circular, 249
--- elliptic, 248
--- hyperbolic, 249
parabolic, 249
--- spherical, 248
--- umbilical, 249
--- terminal, curve, 232
--- transversal homoclinic, 812
--- umbilical, 249
Poisson
--- differential equation, partial, 538 , 667 , 670
--- distribution, 757
--- formula, 536
--- integral, 533
polar, 162
--- angle, 190
--- axis, 190
--- coordinates, plane, 190
--- coordinates, spherical, 209
--- coordinates, transformation, 191
--- distance, 244
--- equation, 542
--- curve second order, 207
--- subnormal, 227
--- subtangent, 227
pole
--- complex function, 673
--- function, 58
--- left, 162
--- multiplicity m, complex function, 693
--- on the sphere, 162
--- order m, complex function, 693
--- origin, 190
--- right, 162
Polish notation, 355
polyeder, 151
polygon
--- area
--- 2n-gon, 138
--- n-gon, 137
--- base angle, 137
--- central angle, 137
--- circumcircle radius, 137
--- circumscribing, 137
--- exterior angle, 137
--- inscribed circle radius, 137
--- interior angle, 137
perimeter, 137
plane, 137
--- regular, convex, 137 , 138
--- side length, 137
--- similar, 133
polyhedral angle, 151
polyhedron, 151
--- convex, 154
--- regular, 154
polynomial, 62
--- Bernstein, 935
--- characteristic, 278
--- Chebyshev formula, 87
--- division algorithm, 315
--- division with remainder, 315
--- equation, numerical solution, 887
--- first degree, 62
--- Hermite, 545 , 617
--- integral rational function, 60
--- interpolation, 917
--- irreducible, 315
--- Laguerre, 513 , 617
--- Legendre, 511 , 616
--- minimal, 316
--- n-th degree, 63
primitive, 315
product representation, 43
--- quadratic, 62
--- ring, 315
--- second degree, 62
--- third degree, 63
--- trigonometric, 927
polynomials. 11
Chebyshev, 924
--- orthogonal, 920
population, 769
--- two-stage, 754
Posa theorem, 353
position coordinate, reflection, 269
positive definite, 893
postfix notation, 355
postman problem, Chinese, 352
potential
--- complex, 681
--- equation, 538
--- field, 662
--- conservative, 662
--- rotation, 656
--- retarded, 537
power
--- complex number, 37
--- notion, 7
--- real number, 7
--- reciprocal, 68
power series, 416
--- asymptotic, 419 , 420
--- complex terms, 690
--- expansion, analytic function, 689
--- inverse, 417
power set, 298
power spectrum, 818
precession angle, 211
predicate, 289
--- logic, 289
--- n-ary, 289
predictor, 906
predictor-corrector method, 906
prefixes, metric, 1012
pre-Hilbert space, 615
present value, 25
pressure, 451
prime
--- coprime, 5 , 14
--- decomposition, canonical, 321
--- element
--- numbers, 320
polynomials, 315
--- factorization, 321
--- canonical, 321
--- Fermat, 321
--- Mersenne, 321
--- notation (measurement protocol), 788
--- number, 320
pair, 321
--- quadruplet, 321
--- relatively, 14
--- triplet, 321
prime formula, predicate logic, 289
principal (a sum of money), 21
principal axis
--- direction, 265
--- transformation, 264
principal ideal, 313
principal normal
--- section, surface, 248
--- space curve, 239 , 241
principal quantities, 11
principal value
--- integral, improper, 454
--- inverse hyperbolic function, 700
--- inverse trigonometric function, 84 , 700
--- logarithm, 698 , 700
principle
--- Cauchy, 608
--- contracting mapping, 608
--- extensionality, 291
--- extrapolation principle, 902
--- Neumann, 307
--- of bivalence, 286
prism, 151
--- lines, 151
--- regular, 151
probability
--- area interpretation, 752
--- conditional, 750
--- definition, 749
--- total, 750
probability integral, 759
probability measure, 816
--- ergodic, 820
--- invariant, 816
probability paper, 774
probability theory, 745 , 747
probability vector, 767
problem
--- Cauchy, 518
--- Dirichlet, 528 , 670
--- discrete, 921
--- inhomogeneous, 537
--- multidimensional
--- computation of adjustments, 922
--- Neumann, 670
--- regularized, 278
--- scheduling, 861
--- shortest way, 351
--- Sturm-Liouville, 515
--- two-body, 520
process
--- birth process, 769
--- death process, 769
--- orthogonalization process, 280
Poisson process, 768
--- stochastic, 765
product, 7
--- algebraic, 366
--- Cartesian
--- fuzzy sets, 369
--- n-ary, 370
--- sets, 294
--- cross, 183
--- derivative, 381
--- direct
--- group, 301
--- ft-algebra, 341
--- dot, 183
--- drastic, 366
--- dyadic, 255
--- dyadic, tensors, 264
--- inner product, 615
--- Kronecker, 258
--- n times direct, 343
product sign, 7
--- rules of calculation, 7
--- scalar, 183 , 255
--- vector, 183
programming, 846
--- computer algebra system, 955
--- continuous dynamic, 878
--- discrete dynamic, 878
--- Bellman functional equation, 879
--- Bellman functional equation method, 881
--- Bellman optimality principle, 880
--- constraint dynamic, 878
--- constraint static, 878
--- knapsack problem, 879
problem, 878
purchasing problem, 879
--- state vector, 878
--- linear, 846
--- linear, transportation problem, 857
--- Maple, 977
--- Mathematica, 966
problem
--- dual problem, 856
primal problem, 856
programming, discrete
--- continuous dynamical, 878
--- cost function, 879
--- decision, 878
--- decision space, 878
--- dynamic, 878
--- functional equation, 880
--- Bellman, 879
--- method, 881
--- knapsack problem, 879 , 882
--- minimum interchangeability, 880
--- minimum separability, 879
--- n-stage decision process, 878
--- optimal policy, 881
--- optimal purchasing policy, 881
purchasing problem, 879
--- state costs, 878
--- state vector, 878
programming, linear
--- constraints, 846
--- forms, 846
--- general form, 846
properties, 848
--- scheduling problem, 861
programming, non-linear
--- see optimization, non-linear, 861
projection sides, 142
projection theorem, orthogonal space, 616
projector, 628
proof
--- by contradiction, 5
--- constructive, 6
--- direct, 5
proof (continued)
--- indirect, 288
--- implication, 5
--- mathematical induction, 5
--- step from n to n + 1 , 5
proportionality
--- direct, 62
--- inverse, 64
proportions, 17
proposition, 286
--- dual, 343
propositional logic, 286
--- basic theorems, 287
--- expression, 286
propositional operation, 286
--- extensional, 286
propositional variable, 286
protocoll, 772
pseudonorm, 624
pseudorandom numbers, 784
pseudoscalar, 270
pseudotensor, 268 , 270
pseudovector, 268 , 270
Ptolemy's theorem, 136
pulse, rectangular, 697
pyramid, 152
--- frustum, 152
--- n-faced, 152
--- regular, 152
--- right, 152
--- truncated, 152
Pythagoras
--- general triangle, 142
--- right-angled triangle, 141
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