L
l.c.m. (least common multiple), 324
Lagrange
--- function, 403
--- identity, vectors, 185
--- interpolation formula, 918
--- method of multiplier, 403
--- theorem, 301
Lagrangian, 403 , 862
Laguerre
--- differential equation, linear, second order, 513
--- polynomial, 513
Lanczos method, 283
Landau, order symbol, 56
Laplace
--- differential equation, partial, 538 , 669
--- expansion, 259
--- wave equation, 536
Laplace operator
--- different coordinates, 657
--- polar coordinates, 401
--- vector components. 659
Laplace transformation, 710
--- addition law, 711
--- comparing to Fourier transformation, 730
--- convergence, 710
--- convolution, 713
--- one-sided, 713
--- convolution, complex, 714
--- definition, 710
--- differential equation, ordinary
linear, constant coefficients, 721
linear, variable coefficients, 722
--- differential equation, partial, 723
--- differential equations, 721
--- differentiation, image space, 712
--- differentiation, original space, 712
--- discrete, 736
--- division law, 713
--- frequency-shift theorem, 711
--- image space, 710
--- integration, image space, 712
--- integration, original space, 712
--- inverse, 710 , 718
--- inverse integral, 720
linearity law, 711
--- original function, 710
--- original space, 710
--- partial fraction decomposition, 718
--- piecewise differentiable function, 715
--- series expansion, 719
--- similarity law, 711
--- step function, 714
--- survey, 707
--- table, 1067
--- transform, 710
--- translation law, 711
largest area method, 374
lateral area
--- cone, 156
--- cylinder, 154
--- polyhedron, 151
lateral face, 151
latitude, geographical, 160 , 244
lattice, 342
--- Banach, 614
--- Bravais, 310
--- crystallography, 310
--- distributive, 342
--- vector, 614
Laurent
--- expansion, 692
--- series, 692 , 736
law
--- cosine, 164
--- spherical triangle, 164
large numbers, 764
--- Bernoulli, 764
limit theorem, Lindeberg-Levy, 765
--- sine-cosine, 164
--- polar, 164
layer, spherical, 157
least common multiple (l.c.m.), integer numbers, 324
least squares method, 107 , 277 , 890 , 909 , 913 , 919
--- calculus of observations. 787
--- Gauss, 403
--- regression analysis, 780
least squares problem, linear, 894
Lebesgue
--- integral, 454 , 637
--- comparison with Riemann integral, 453
--- measure, 636 , 816
left singular vector, 285
left-hand coordinate system, 207
leg or side of an angle, 128
Legendre
--- differential equation, 511
--- polynomial
--- associated, 513
--- first kind, 511
--- second kind, 512
--- symbol, 329
Leibniz
--- alternating series test, 410
--- formula, 385
lemma
--- Jordan. 695
--- Schur, 306
lemniscate, 99 , 234
length
--- interval, 635
line integral, first type, 464
--- reduced, 174
--- vector, 189
length, arc
--- space curve, 246
level
--- curve, 117
line, 644
--- surface, 644
level set (fuzzy set), 364
library (numerical methods), 944
--- Aachen library, 946
--- IMSL library, 945
--- NAG library, 944
limit
--- cycle, 806 , 833
--- stable, 806
--- unstable, 806
--- definite integral, 440
--- function
--- complex variable, 671
--- one variable, 51
--- several variables, 122
--- theorems, 53
--- function series, 414
--- integration, depending on parameter, 459
--- partial sum, 414
--- sequence of numbers, 405
--- sequence, in metric space, 606
--- series, 406
--- superior, 416
line, 62
--- curvature, surface, 248
--- geodesic, 159
--- imaginary, 205
--- notion, 128
--- space, 150 , 214
--- vector equation, 188
line element
--- surface, 245
--- vector components, 660
line equation
--- plane, 194
--- Hessian normal form. 195
--- intercept form. 195
--- polar coordinates, 195
--- through a point, 194
--- through two points, 194
--- slope, plane, 194
--- space, 217
line integral, 462
--- Cartesian coordinates, 661
--- first type, 463
--- applications, 464
--- general type, 467
--- second type, 464
--- vector field, 660
linear combination, vectors, 83 , 181 , 184
linear form, 600 , 601
--- continuous. 623
linear programming
--- assignment problem, 860
--- basic notions, 849
--- basic solution, 850
--- basis of the extreme point, 849
--- constraints, 846
--- degenerate extreme point, 849
--- distribution problem, 860
--- dual problem, 856
--- duality, 856
--- extreme point, 849
--- normal form, 849 , 850
--- objective function, 846
--- primal problem, 856
--- round-tour problem, 861
--- surplus variable, 850
linearly
--- dependent, 317
--- independent, 317
lines
--- angle between, plane, 196
--- intersection point, plane, 195
--- orthogonal, 128 , 197
--- parallel, 128 , 150 , 197
--- pencil, 196
--- perpendicular, 128 , 197
--- skew, 150
Liouville
--- approximation theorem, 4
--- formula, 501 , 802
--- theorem, 801
Lipschitz condition
--- higher-order differential equation, 498
--- ordinary differential equation, 488
locus, geometric, 194
logarithm
--- binary, 10
--- Briggsian, 9
--- complex function, 678
--- decimal, 9
--- definition, 9
--- natural, 9 , 698
--- Neperian, 9
--- principal value, 698
--- table, 10
--- taking of an expression, 9
logarithmic decrement, 83
logarithmic integral, 431 , 460
logarithmic normal distribution, 759
logic, 286
--- fuzzy, 360
--- predicate, 289
--- propositional, 286
longitude, geographical, 160 , 244
loop function, 1007
loop, graph, 348
Lorentz curve, 731
Lorenz system, 798 , 801 , 839
loxodrome, 177
--- arclength, 177
--- course angle, 178
--- intersection point, 178
--- intersection point of two loxodromes, 179
--- p space, 639
LU factorization (lower and upper triangular matrix).
--- 891
Lyapunov
--- exponent, 820
--- function, 803
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