L
L amino acid 291 lab-on-a-chip 270, 988 – application 270 – concept 253 – disposable plastic 993 – systems 265 – technology 255 lac repressor 754 Lagrangian approach 1064 Lamb waves 693 laminar – flow 264 – flow characteristics 266 laminated n-channel transistor 196 Landau – levels 122, 415, 438 – quantization 424 Langevin equation 891, 892 Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) 861 – deposition 536, 833 – film (ethyl-2,3-dihydroxyoctadecanoate) 467 – methodology 35 Laplace – force 844, 868 – pressure 544, 564, 613–618, 832 – pressure force 616 large angular deflection 1069 large array of nanowires 109 larger-scale systems 1136 large-scale stick-slip motion 733 Larmor frequency 305 laser – ablation method 61 – beam deflection method 453 – deflection sensing 453 – deflection technique 333 – devices 46 – interference lithography 186 – vaporization method 61 – welding 1119 laser-to-fiber coupler 236 lateral – accelerometer 231 – contact stiffness 631 – cracks 693 – deflection 671 – deflection signal 1016 – displacement 669 – force 632, 643, 669, 718, 1015 – force calculation 354 – force microscope (LFM) 325, 499, 632 – force microscopy (LFM) 187, 404, 548 – friction 453 – resolution 328, 331, 477, 500, 606, 663 – resonator 1037 – scanning range 929 – spring constant 338, 636 – stiffness 362, 376, 649 lattice – constant 725 – imaging 332 – vibration 726 layer of resist 186 layered structure 1045 LCC (Leadless Chip Carrier) 1101 leakage 1126 – rate 263 learning theory 1143 length scale 722, 747 Lennard-Jones potential 436, 457, 719, 730 Lennard-Jonesium 727 leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) 489 leveraged bending 1070 levers 932 lever-sample displacement 608 levitated copper inductor 242 Levy flight model 891 LiF 397 LiF(100) surface 652 life-cycle costs 1137 lifetime broadening 419, 423 lifetime-force relation 485 Lifshitz theory 551, 552, 554 lift mode 338, 503 LIGA 166–168, 986 – fabrication of MEMS 987 – technique 765 ligand concentration – effective 485 ligand-receptor affinity 288, 316 ligand-receptor interaction 476 light beam deflection galvanometer 353 light emission 135 light-emitting diode (LED) 132, 135 limits for hard disk drive technology 904 limits of biotechnology 281 linear – creep model 890 – fractional transformations (LFT) 975 – friction–velocity dependence 889 – quadratic Gaussian (LQG) 971 – recording density 947 – stress gradient 1045 – variable differential transformers (LVDT) 361 lipid 747 lipid film 644 liposome 742 liquid – capillaries 612 – capillary condensation 844 – film meniscus 612 – film thickness 537, 885 – helium 415 – helium operation STM 417 – lubricant 530, 832 – lubricated surfaces 572, 576, 578, 587 – mediated adhesion 832 – nitrogen (LN) 416 – perfluoropolyether (PFPE) 1003 – solid interface 832 – vapor interface 832 load – critical 809 load contribution to friction 572–574 load dependence of friction 647 load-carrying capacity 824 load-controlled 610 load-controlled friction 571, 579 load-displacement 528 load-displacement curve 774, 778, 808, 809 loading curve 701 loading rate 483 local deformation 504, 518 local deformation of material 524 local density of states (LDOS) 422 local mechanical spectroscopy 664 local pinning 727 local shear stress 731 local stiffness 362, 1006 localization – effect 122–125, 134 – theory 120 localized heat bonding 1116–1120 logarithmic-like friction–velocity behavior 885 logic – devices 132 – gates 14, 15, 132 – protocols 15 Lognormal distribution 1127 London – dispersion interaction 545, 550, 552 – penetration depth 431, 440 longitudinal – magnetoresistance 120, 121 – piezo-resistive effect 356 – relaxation time (T1) 305 long-range – attraction 550, 562 – elastic deformation 722 – force 389, 398, 437 – tip-molecule force 406 long-term – measurements 414 – memory 734 – reliability 1126 – stability 414, 948, 1102 – test 1125 loop-transfer recovery (LTR) 971 loss modulus 702 lot-to-lot variation 1072 low cost gyroscope 1094 low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) 770 low temperature – AFM/STM 332 – condition 60 – NC-AFM 402 – SFM (LTSFM) 417 low-cycle fatigue resistance 1032 lower lasing threshold 135 low-noise measurement 636 low-temperature microscope operation 414 low-temperature scanning tunneling spectroscopy (LTSTM) 419 low-temperature SPM (LTSPM) 414 LPCVD (low pressure chemical vapor deposition) 770, 962, 1034 – nitride sealing 1117 LTR – loop-transfer recovery 971 LTSFM 417 LTSTM 419 lubricant 723 – atoms 732 – film 618 – meniscus 864 – spreading 864 – thickness 885 lubricated sliding 884 lubrication 717 – elastohydrodynamic 569, 581, 583 – intermediate or mixed 569, 570, 582, 583 – method 995 lumped – parameter 1065 – parameter model 1063, 1073 Luttinger liquid 66 LVDT – linear variable differential transformers 361