E
E. coli – bacterium 748 – cells 756 early failure 1126 early tumor detection 310 EBD (electron beam deposited) tips 376 ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) CVD 795, 815, 1009 – coating 822 EDP (ethylene diamine pyrocatechol) 254 EELS (electron resonance loss spectroscopy) 800 EFC (electrostatic force constant) 678 effect of surface roughness 779, 781 effective – coefficient of friction 647 – damping constant 470 – force gradient 463 – ligand concentration 485 – mass 433 – medium 127 – medium theory 127 – shear stress 648 – spring constant 637, 645, 721 – structural stiffness 1053 – tether length 485 – viscosity 583, 593, 885 effects of doping and annealing 120 EHD – induction type 262 – injection type 262 eigenstrain 1041 elastic – contact 703 – energy 732 – force 727, 757 – Frenkel–Kontorova chain 727 – Hamiltonian 755 – instabilities 727 – mismatch 1051, 1056 – modulus 664, 698, 767, 770, 774, 805, 806, 809 – properties 673 – properties of ssDNA 746 – stiffness coefficient 1048 elastic deformation 450, 647 – long-range 722 elasticity 433, 663 – ofDNA 757 – two-dimensional 754 elastic-plastic deformation 785 elastohydrodynamic lubrication 569, 570, 581, 583 elastomer precursor 256 elastomeric stamp 190 electric charging 913 electric field gradient microscopy (EFM) 114 electric force gradient 338 electrical – applications 131 – breakdown 1076 – conductivity 133 – isolation 956 – surface passivation 1103 electric-arc – method 61 – reactor 48 electroactive – fragments 14 – layer 24 – solids 22 electrochemical – AFM 338 – cell 24 – degradation 304 – deposition 103, 675 – detection 270 – etch 383 – etching 373 – immunosensor 272 – STM 330 electrochemically etched tips 383 electrode – arrays 26 – geometry 1076 – pair 1077 electrodeposition 103, 153, 180 electrodes with molecular layers 27 electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pumping 261 electroless deposition 188 electro-luminescence (EL) 132, 135 electrolytic – conduction 1116 – method 57 electromagnetic – actuators 259 – forces 550 – microvalves 259 electromechanical – coupling 245 – load 1040 – mirror 1069 electromechanics – analysis 1063 – application 1061 – test structure 1072 electromigration 419 electron – beam deposition (EBD) 376 – cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition (ECR-CVD) 795, 799 – energy loss spectrometer (EELS) 113 – energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) 798 – Fermi wavelength 116 – field emission 133 – interactions 428 – mean free path 115 – scattering 120 – tunneling 327 electron-beam lithography 674 electronegativity 834 electron-electron interaction 423 electronic – band structure 128 – density of states 133 – device 133 – ink 195 – newspaper 196 – noise 333 electron-phonon interaction 428 electro-optical modulation 136 electro-osmosis (EO) 261 electro-osmotic – flow(EOF) 255 – pumping 260 electroplated microactuator 966 electroplating 153, 1113 electro-rheological fluid 260 electrostatic – actuation 236, 244, 248 – binding 478 – coupling 1063 – discharge (ESD) 1098 – interaction 393, 402, 464 – microactuator 952 – micromotor 1061 – potential 398, 438 – short-range interaction 398 – spring constant 956 electrostatic force 386, 437, 544–558, 1062, 1103 – constant (EFC) 677 – interaction 393 – microscopy 438 electrostatically actuated devices 258 electrostatic-induced errors 1098 embedded atom method (EAM) 720 embedded system 721 embossing 833 – technique 191 end caps 47 end deflection 1026 end group 864 endofullerene 71 endothelial cell surfaces 488 energy – barrier 482 – conservation 469 – dissipation 468, 567–569, 572–575, 578, 587, 654, 849 – elastic 732 – electrical 1063 – mechanical 1063 – resolution 422 – scales 750 – separation between subband 115 – total 1063 energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) 113 engineered nanostructures 13 engineering materials 758 enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) 307 entangled states 570 entanglement 622, 886 – strength 886 entropic force 564 entropically – confined systems 891 – cooled layer 888 entropy – structural 886, 887 environmental shield 1087 enzymatic cleavage 287 enzymatic prodrug activator 301 enzymes 482 epitaxial silicon seal 1114 epitaxy 152, 170, 172 epitope mapping 491 epoxy bonding 1115 EPR tumor targeting 310 equibiaxial – deformation state 1050 – stress distribution 1051 equilibrium – equipartition 720 – interactions see static interactions – true (full) or restricted 562 equivalent mechanical circuit 1073 erasing mechanism 936 ESD protective circuitry 1098 ester 837 etching 186, 1041 ethanolamine 477 ether 837 ethical rule violation 1143 ethics of nanotechnology 1138 ethylene diamine 287 ethylene diamine pyrocatechol (EDP) 254 Euler – buckling criterion 1026 – equation 349 Euler–Bernoulli beam equation 1063 eutectic bonding 1115 evolution of curvature 1059 examples of NEMS 988 exchange – force 402 – force interaction 402 – interaction energy 402 exchangeable carrier plate 636 excitation – external 456 excitation amplitude 461 exciton 127, 136 – binding energy 135 – confinement 135 – laser action 135 extended exponential Kohlrausch relaxation function 892 external – excitation 456 – excitation frequency 466 – noise 415 – normal load 867 – triggering 284 – vibrations 329 extraction of mechanical properties 1073 extravasation 297, 307 extrinsic stress 1041 Eyring – model 644, 887, 890 – theory 887