C
C70 792 C2 moieties 51 C60 32, 41, 49, 404, 647, 792 – film 330 – fullerenes 289 – island 641, 642 – multilayered film 404 – SWNT (single wall nanotube) 70 C60-terminated film 843 Ca ion 399 cadherin-mediated adhesion 488 CaF2 398 CaF2 tip 652 CaF2(111) 399 CaF2(111) surface 399, 652 calculated tapping behavior 911 calculus of variations 745 calibration 610, 698, 699 calorimetric experiments 482 cantilever 387, 390, 457, 481 – all-metal 912 – all-silicon 926 – array 926, 927 – axis 418 – base 469 – beam 1015, 1061 – beam array (CBA) 1011 – beam model 1067 – biofunctionalized 742, 743, 745 – biosensors 303 – cell 926 – deflection 332, 372, 387, 389, 418, 465, 480, 632, 745, 848 – deflection calculation 344 – diode array 928 – driven 455 – effective mass 633 – eigenfrequency 415 – elasticity 636 – fabrication 909 – flexible 332 – foil 373 – heater 925 – material 339, 387 – motion 331, 913 – mount 336 – oscillation 457, 469 – Q-factor 433 – resonance 451 – resonance behavior 350 – resonance frequency 481, 611, 890, 1029 – sensor 925 – spring 454 – spring constant 485 – stainless steel 813 – stiffness 338, 505, 610, 926 – temperature 940 – thickness 632, 633 – tip 303, 454 – triangular 339, 349, 354 – untwisted 335 cantilever-based probes 433 capacitance detection 356 capacitive – accelerometers 230 – detection 361 – detector 331 – displacement sensor 1033 – forces 465 – position sensing 956 – sensor 227, 230 – transducer 245 capacitor-like device 913 capacity growth 903 capillarity-driven stop valve 265 capillary – effect on adhesion 607 – electrophoresis (CE) 255 – force 544, 559, 564, 619, 662 – force curve 617 – formation 614 – pressure 265 – stiffness 614 capsid wall 760 carbon 792 – crystalline 792 – film 865 – magnetron sputtered 799 – shells 52 – source 57 – spacer chain 853 – superactivated 77 carbon coating – unhydrogenated 804 carbon nanofiber – vapor grown 56 carbon nanotube (CNT) 55, 105, 287, 425, 667 – adsorption properties 76 – application 73 – catalyst-free growth 59 – catalyst-supporting materials 75 – chemical reactivity 67 – diameters 63 – FETS 303 – field emission 74 – formation 46 – growth mechanisms 59 – heterogeneity 63 – in situ filling 69 – maximum current density 74 – mechanical properties 376 – molten state filling 69 – oxidation 72 – production 46 – properties 63 – quantum wires 66 – sublimation filling 70 – synthesis conditions 61 – tip 342, 375, 376, 501 – wet chemistry filling 69 carbon–carbon distance 436 carboxyl acid 837 carboxylates (RCOO?) 404 cardiovascular – sensors 310 – system 310 – tissue engineering 310 carrier – density 118, 122 – gas 804 – mean free path 116, 118, 121 – mobility 118 Casimir force 545 casting 186 catalysis 397 catalysis-enhanced disproportionation 54 catalysis-enhanced thermal cracking 54 catalyst 49, 106, 668 – nanoparticles 58 – preparation 54 catalyst-based SWNT 61 catalyst-free 57 catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) 52, 55, 58, 60, 61 catalytic decomposition 54 catalytically grown MWNT 673 cathode deposit 49, 51 cathodic arc carbon 806 CCVD see catalytic chemical vapor deposition CCVD method 61 CDS (correlated double sampling) technique 961 CdSe nanorods 136 cell adhesion 489 cellular immune responses 311 cellular phone 904 CeO2(111) 400 ceramic – matrix composites 81 – slider 824 – tip 74 cerpacs 1101 CFM (chemical force microscopy) 73, 489, 619 chain adsorption 894 chalcogenide 906, 910, 915 change of meniscus 1005 changing of surface conditions 117 channel etching process 255 channel-liquid pair 261 chaotic mixer 266 characteristic distance 588 characteristic slip time 894 characteristic velocity 889 charge density wave (CDW) 428 charge exchange interactions 545, 552, 553 charge fluctuation forces see ion correlation forces charge separation 1116 charge transfer interactions see charge exchange interactions charge trapping 913 charge-controlled pull-in equation 1064 check valve design 260 chelate metal cations 12 chemical – bond 386 – bonding 388, 863 – bonding force 331 – characterization 800 – composition 115 – detection devices 137 – force 386 – force microscopy (CFM) 73, 489, 619 – heterogeneity 568 – input 16 – interaction force 452 – sensors 74 – signal 19, 20 – synthesis 12 – vapor deposition (CVD) 104, 793 – vapor infiltration 57 chemisorption 861 chemistry route 57 chemoselective conjugation 295, 296 chemotherapy 307 chip level integration 1093 chip-on-flex (COF) 1113 clamped-clamped mechanical beams 247 classical finite size 116 classical size effect 120 clock field 946 clogging 56 closed loop sensitivity 973 clustered acetate 406 CMOS electronics 230 CMOS static random access memory (SRAM) 235 CMOS sustaining electronics 245 c-MWNT (concentric multiwall nanotube) 43, 48, 60, 67 Co clusters 425 CO disproportionation 54 CO on Cu(110) 419 coated particles 306 coating – continuity 826 – damage 823 – failure 820 – hardness 818 – hydrophobic 1014 – mass density 801 – microstructure 800 – thickness 810, 812 coating–substrate interface 819 coefficient – effective 647 coefficient of friction 501, 510, 516, 535, 579, 634, 771, 773, 809, 813, 823, 824, 844, 868, 872, 996, 1005 – Si(100) 531 – Z-15 531 – Z-DOL (BW) 531 coefficient of friction see friction coefficient coefficient of friction relationship 343 coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) 1124 co-energy 1064 coercivity 137 COF (chip-on-flex) 1113 cognate receptors 298 cognitive ligands 476 cognitive science 1139 coherence length 423 cohesive – potential 759 – surface model 759 coil inductor 242 cold welding 553, 579 collagen fibers 679 collective phenomenon 885, 888 colloidal – forces 545 – probe 548 colossal magneto resistive effect 439 comb storage device 907 comb-drive 955, 1030 – actuator 955 – resonator 245 combined AFM nanoindenter device 676 commensurate Cu(111) 728 commensurate system 723 commercial data-storage device 907 commercial MEMS devices 991 communicating – between compatible molecular components 19 – force 748 – molecular switches 19 compact bone – lamellae 678 – mean hardness 680 complex – bonds 486 – dielectric function 127 – fluidic systems 886 – logic functions with molecular switches 19 component – failure 764 – supplier 902 – surface 1009 composite 662 composite material 81 compositionally modulated nanowires 106 compression energy 887 compressive stress 805, 812, 1035, 1044 computer simulation 718 – forces 553, 557, 561, 564, 565, 585 – friction 553, 573, 574, 579, 580, 583, 585, 586, 590, 591, 594 concentration – critical 650 concentric – graphenes 43 – texture 61 – type (c-MWNT) 43 conditional release of therapeutics 288 conductance 117 conductance quantization in metallic nanowires 115 conducting polymers 103, 304 conductive polymeric materials 304 conductivity 136 – electrical 133 confined – complex liquids 891 – nanostructure 68 – simple liquids 888 confinement 544, 545, 570, 584, 593 conformation 864 conformational defect 849 conforming contacts 894 connector – miniaturized 986 constant – amplitude (CA) 464 – amplitude FM mode 468 – current mode 328 – excitation mode (CE) 464 – force mode 362 – height mode 328, 399 constrained elastic media 1061 consumer electronics 904 consumer nanotherapeutic device 288 contact – AFM (atomic force microscope) 455 – AFM dynamic method 662 – angle 616, 833 – angle goniometer 847 – angle of SAM 846 – conductance 649, 913 – elastic 703 – mechanics see adhesion mechanics – meniscus 619 – mode 373, 909 – mode photolithography 195 – printing 186, 200, 833 – radius 678 – resistance 690 – stiffness 677, 689, 698, 701, 810, 894 – stress 872 – value theorem 575 contact area 548, 650, 651, 677, 699, 709 – apparent macroscopic 571, 576, 580 – true molecular 547, 549, 566, 571, 574–576, 594 contamination 332 continuous micropump 269 continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) 810 continuum – analysis 753 – model 638 – theory 554, 556, 558, 559, 569, 580 contour plot 1057 contour-mode disk resonator 246 contraction 1044 contrast 435 – agent design 306 – agents 304 – enhancing agents for medical imaging 304 – enhancing nanoparticle 306 – formation 397 control – of nanotherapeutic action 302 – of position 109 – over nanowire diameter distribution 106 – system 359, 362 – theory 1144 controlled desorption 419 controlled evaporation 269 controlled geometry (CG) 330 controlled nanoscale architecture 294 controlled substances 1140 controlled triggering of therapeutic action 298 controller design 969 CoO 402 Co-O film on PET 524 Cooper pairs 429 coordinated molecular process 886 copper adhesion 963 copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine 196 copper tip 652, 727 corannulene 61 cores of carbon nanotubes 105 core-sheath nanowire 114 core-shell structure 132 Coriolis acceleration 232, 1095 correlated-double-sampling (CDS) 960 corrosion 1116, 1125 cost of goods (COGs) 285, 307 co-transporter 489 Couette flow 569, 593, 885 Coulomb – force 396 – interaction 66 – law of friction 644 coupled electromechanics 1063 covalent – bonds 10 – scaffolds 12 Cr binding layer 619 Cr coating 432 Cr(001) 427 crack spacing 524 cracks 807 creativity at the nanoscale 1135 creep 415, 691, 1125 – effect 528 – relaxation 1060 creep model – linear 890 critical – concentration 650 – curvature 1056 – degree of bending 1031 – load 809 – magnetic field strength 122 – normal load 853 – position 636 – shear stress 570–572, 577, 585, 586 – temperature 423, 434, 1059 – time 894 – velocity 585, 587, 590, 591 crosshair alignment 195 crosslinked BPT (BPTC) 843 crosstalk 363, 927, 1066 cross-track distance 945 cryostat 415 crystal – growth direction 103 – orientation 206 – structure 333 – surfaces 375 crystal growth orientation, preferred 104 crystalline – carbon 792 – silicon 254 – surfaces 544 CSM (continuous stiffness measurement) 810 CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion) 1124 CTL (cytotoxic T-cell) responses 311 Cu(001) 397 Cu(100) 640 Cu(100) substrate 728 Cu(100) tip 728 Cu(111) 423, 639, 640, 655 Cu(111) surface states 427 Cu(111) tip 653 cube corner 696, 704 culture of engineering 315 cuprates 431 current density effect 1036 current rectification 116 current-voltage characteristics 116, 916 curvature 1044 – critical 1056 – effects 723 – measured 1053 – variation 1046 curved electrode – actuator 1070 – shape 1071 custom-designed MEMS product 1112 cut-off distance 552, 573 CVD (chemical vapor deposition) 104, 793 cyclic – fatigue 810, 1036 – olefin copolymers (COC) 257 – thermomechanical load 1061 – voltammograms 29 cytoplasmic surface 478 cytosine 10 cytoskeletal filament 747 cytotoxic therapeutics 307 cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) 311 cytotoxin deposition 309